(r9) VOGlossary < IVOA

IVOA Web>VOGlossary (revision 9) (raw view)~~EditAttach~~
---+ Technical Terms & Acronyms

This is a document intended for deployers of VO services. This is also a document in progress. IVOA members help to keep this glossary of technical terms used in the VO current and correct. We thank you for your contribution!
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">ADQL:</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Astronomical Data Query Language) is the language used by the 
                          International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA) to represent astronomy
                          queries posted to VO services. ADQL is based on the Structured Query 
                          Language (SQL), especially on SQL 92. The VO has a number of tabular 
                          data sets and many of them are stored in relational databases, making 
                          SQL a convenient access means. A subset of the SQL grammar has been 
                          extended to support queries that are specific to astronomy. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">agent</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Software that acts or works on behalf of a user. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">AJAX</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Asynchronous Javascript + XML) A framework for adding dynamic interactions within web pages. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">Aladin</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> An interactive tool that allows the user to visualize digitized images and catalogs from many sources. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">ant</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A <em>Java</em> -based software build tool, similar to Unix &quot;make&quot;. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">API</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Application Programming Interface) The documentation of the interface to a software library or tool. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">applet</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A small program that runs in a larger <em>client</em> context, often <em>Java</em> programs embedded in Web pages. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">architecture</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> The overarching design of a computer, network, or software system. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">array</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A data structure for software <em>elements</em> where each element has a unique identifying index number. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">ASCII</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Formally, an 
                          encoding of common alphanumeric symbols. Often used to mean a human 
                          readable representation with no &#8216;special&#8217; characters or formatting. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">ASP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Active Server Pages) A technology that enables dynamic web pages using <em>server</em> -side scripting. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">asynchronous services</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Web services where there may be a delay between the request for a resource (or service) and the response where the <em>client</em> is not expected to wait for the <em>server</em>. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">attributes</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> 1. In <em>XML</em>, characteristics of an <em>element</em> that are specified within the '&lt;', '&gt;', brackets after the name of the <em>element</em>, e.g.
                          <element attr1="a" attr2="b">. <br />
                            2. In <em>database management systems</em>, the term attribute is sometimes used as a synonym for field (i.e. column). </element></td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">bindings</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Associations between defined web <em>interfaces</em> and the services that provide them. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">authentication</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> In computer security, verification of the identity of a user and/or the user's eligibility to access a service. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">C#</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> An <em>object-oriented</em> programming language from Microsoft that is based on <em>C++</em> with elements from Visual Basic and Java. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">C++</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> An <em>object-oriented</em> version of the C programming language. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">callbacks</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Routines that are automatically invoked when some event occurs or situation is encountered. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">Carnivore</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"><em>Open source</em> <em>registry</em> developed at Caltech, supporting publishing, searching, and harvesting.
                          Primarily intended for use by data providers who want to set up their 
                          own <em>registry</em>. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">certificate</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> An electronic document that verifies the owner of a public key, issued by a certificate authority. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">CGI</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Common Gateway Interface) A protocol that defines how data is passed to server applications using <em>HTTP</em>. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">client</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A computer program or terminal that requests information or services from another computer (a <em>server</em>) on the network. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">code stubs</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Code, usually generated by software tools, which defines the <em>interfaces</em> to some component but typically does not include any implementation of its functionality. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">cone search</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A VO <em>protocol</em> that requests information near a specified location in the sky. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">container</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> An <em>element</em> that acts as a parent and contains child <em>elements</em>. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">CORBA</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) An open, vendor-independent <em>architecture</em> and infrastructure that computer applications use to work together over networks. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">crossmatch</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Find objects from two or more datasets that are near each other in the sky. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">cyberinfrastructure</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A research environment in which advanced computational services are 
                          available to researchers through high-performance networks. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">daemon</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A program or process that runs in the background unattended and may be invoked by another process to perform its function. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">DAL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Data Access Layer) The VO <em>protocols</em> that define how VO applications access data resources. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">data model</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A formal description of how data may be structured and used. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">database management system</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A collection of programs that enables storage, modification, and information extraction from a database. Also see <em>RDBMS</em>. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">DataScope</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A web-based VO tool that finds information from many VO sources near a specified point in the sky. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">distributed database</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A database where the underlying data is stored on multiple <em>servers</em>. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">distributed computing</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Spreading the workload for processing tasks over multiple machines. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">DCOM</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Distributed Common Object Model) A <em>protocol</em> that allows communication and manipulation of objects over a network connection. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">DHCP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) A <em>protocol</em> that automatically manages IP addresses for a set of nodes in a network. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">DOM</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Document Object Model) A <em>W3C</em> standard in which a structured document such as an <em>XML</em> file is viewed as a tree of <em>elements</em>. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">.NET</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Microsoft's language-independent application development platform for creating web applications and web services. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">element</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> 1. A single item in an <em>array</em>. <br />
                          2. In <em>XML</em>, a node in document. Each element starts with a
                          <element> and ends with </element>
                          . </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">federation</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> The dynamic combination of information from separate sources of information. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">FITS</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Flexible Image Transport System) The IAU-approved standard format for astronomical data. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">FTP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (File Transfer Protocol) A <em>protocol</em> used to exchange files over the internet. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">footprint</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> The region of the sky that has been observed by one or more telescopes.\ </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">GPL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (GNU Public License) A software license which allows for redistribution but requires both original and modified <em>source code</em> to be made available. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">Grid</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Massive distributed computing capabilities currently available on the Internet. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">grid computing</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem at the same time. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">GUI</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Graphical User Interface) A graphics-based user <em>interface</em> that incorporates movable windows, icons and a mouse. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">GWS</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Grid and Web Services)</td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">HPC</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (High Performance Computing) Typically refers to supercomputers used in scientific research. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">HTML</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Hypertext Markup Language) A standard document format used on most web
                          pages which makes it easy for one document to refer to another. </td>
                      </tr>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">HTTP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Communications <em>protocol</em> used to access most web pages. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">HTTPS</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A secure version of the <em>HTTP</em> <em>protocol</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">HTTP GET</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> An <em>HTTP</em> request where any parameters of the request are included in the <em>URL</em> itself. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">HTTP POST</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> An <em>HTTP</em> request where data is sent to the <em>server</em>. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">IDL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Interactive Data Language) A popular data analysis programming language used by scientists. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">instance document</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> An XML document that conforms to a <em>schema.</em></td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">interface</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A structured interaction between two entities, often a <em>client</em> and a <em>server</em>. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">interoperability</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> The ability of software and/or hardware on different machines from 
                          different vendors or sources to share data or collaborate without 
                          special effort on the part of the user. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">interpreted language</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A programming language that is <em>parsed</em> and executed without needing any explicit compilation. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">IRAF</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Image Reduction and Analysis Facility) A software system for 
                          astronomical data analysis including both tools, libraries and languages
                          developed primarily at the National Optica Astronomy Observatories 
                          (NOAO). </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">IVOA</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (International Virtual Observatory Alliance) An international 
                          collaboration formed in June 2002 to coordinate Virtual Observatory 
                          activities worldwide. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">IVORN, IVOA identifier</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A standardized, unique ID used in a number of contexts within the VO. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">Java</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> An object-oriented, platform-independent programming language, developed by Sun, and modeled after C++. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">JDBC</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Java Database Connectivity) The standard <em>Java</em> <em>interface</em> for access to <em>SQL</em> -based <em>DBMS</em> &#8217;s. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">KDIG</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Knowledge Discovery Interst Group) </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">markup language</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A language for annotating a document to enable each component to be appropriately formatted, displayed, or used. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">metadata</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Information or labels that describe data. </td>
                      </tr>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">middleware</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> An intermediate level of computer software typically used to provide a common <em>interface</em> to heterogeneous lower level components. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">MIME</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) The most common <em>protocol</em> for encoding, transmitting, and decoding non-text files via e-mail. </td>
                      </tr>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">Mirage</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> VO-enabled tool for exploratory analysis and visualization of images and multi-dimensional numerical data. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">mosaic, mosaicking</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A virtual observation made by combining multiple observations at 
                          different positions resulting in a combination of images that abut 
                          and/or overlap into a single larger image. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">MySQL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> An <em>open source</em> <em>SQL</em> <em>relational database</em> management system ( <em>RDBMS</em>). </td>
                      </tr>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">name resolver</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A service that translates object names into astronomical coordinates. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">namespace</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> 1. The set of names in a naming system.<br />
                          2. In <em>XML</em>, a collection of names, identified by a <em>URI</em> reference, that are used in <em>XML</em> documents as <em>element</em> types and <em>attribute</em> names. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">NED</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (NASA Extragalactic Database) An astronomical resource containing 
                          extensive information on extragalactic objects. NED also provides a <em>name resolver.</em></td>
                      </tr>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">NESSSI</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (NVO Extensible Scalable Secure Service Infrastructure) A VO <em>web service</em> that runs secure, <em>asynchronous</em> services on the <em>Grid</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">OAI</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Open Archive Initiative) A <em>protocol</em> that defines an interface for the sharing of <em>metadata</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">OASIS</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (On-line Archive Science Information Services) A VO Tool to access and display astronomical image and catalog data. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">object-oriented</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Programming based on the concept of an &#8220;object&#8221;, a data structure 
                          associated with specific routines that define the behavior of the 
                          object. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">ontology</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A formal description of the vocabulary used in a field, especially 
                          describing the relationships between various concepts within that 
                          subject. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">open source</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Software, usually free, created by a development community where the <em>source code</em> is distributed as well as compiled code. </td>
                      </tr>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">OpenSkyQuery</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A VO Service that enables <em>crossmatching</em> of astronomical catalogs and selection of catalog subsets. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">operating system</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> The program framework in which all other programs run on a computer, e.g. Windows XP, <span class="twikiNewLink">MacOS<a href="http://vao-twiki.stsci.edu/twiki/bin/edit/Main/MacOS?topicparent=Main.VAOGlossaryofTerms" rel="nofollow" title="Create this topic">?</a></span> X, Linux, etc. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">parameters</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Inputs to or elements in a system which can be varied. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">parse</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> To separate into more easily understood parts. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">peer-to-peer</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Communication between two or more computers where the <em>protocol</em> is symmetric between the participants so that each participant can make
                          the same requests or give the same responses. This contrasts with 
                          client-server protocols </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">Perl</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A programming language frequently used for web scripts and to process data passed via <em>HTML</em> forms. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">PHP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (PHP [personal home page] Hypertext Preprocessor) A scripting language used to create dynamic Web pages. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">PLASTIC</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (PLatform for AStronomical Tool <span class="twikiNewLink">InterConnection<a href="http://vao-twiki.stsci.edu/twiki/bin/edit/Main/InterConnection?topicparent=Main.VAOGlossaryofTerms" rel="nofollow" title="Create this topic">?</a></span> ) A <em>protocol</em> that allows collaboration between multiple processes running on the user&#8217;s desktop. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">platform</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> The combination of a computer&#8217;s <em>operating system</em> software and hardware. </td>
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                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">portal</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A web site that serves as a starting point to other destinations or services on the web. </td>
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                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">protocol</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A set of rules that define the interactions between two or more components. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">proxy</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A piece of software that acts on behalf of a user or another piece of software. An <em>agent</em> is a <em>client</em> proxy. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">proxy certificate</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A <em>certificate</em> that is used in the place of another, typically with a limited lifetime. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">query</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> To interrogate a collection of data such as records in a database. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">RDBMS</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Relational <span class="twikiNewLink">DataBase<a href="http://vao-twiki.stsci.edu/twiki/bin/edit/Main/DataBase?topicparent=Main.VAOGlossaryofTerms" rel="nofollow" title="Create this topic">?</a></span> Management System) A <em>DBMS</em> that uses represents data using a <em>relational database</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">RDF</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Resource Description Framework) A recommendation from the <em>W3C</em> for creating <em>metadata</em> structures that define data on the web. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">registry</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> The &#8220;yellow pages&#8221; for the VO. Collects and stores basic information 
                          about archives, data collections, databases, and other resources. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">relational database</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A database that stores data in a structure consisting of one or more 
                          tables (aka relations) of rows and columns, which may be interconnected. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">resource metadata</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> The <em>metadata</em> that describes services and data resources available in the VO. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">REST</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Representational State Transfer) An approach to <em>web services</em> that uses the standard <em>HTTP</em> GET and POST protocols. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">RMI</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Remote Method Invocation) A <em>Java</em> protocol for distributed computing. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">ROME</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Request-Object Management Environment) A VO tool to manage the execution of a task that requires many subtasks. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">RPC</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Remote Procedure Call) Protocols for distributed computing where the interaction is represented as the <em>client</em> computer invoking discrete services/calls on the <em>server</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">RSS</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Rich Site Summary). An <em>XML</em> format for sharing content among different Web sites such as news items. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">Ruby</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> An object-oriented programming language. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SAX</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Simple API for XML) A standardized <em>interface</em> for <em>parsing</em> <em>XML</em> documents using <em>callbacks</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">schema</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> 1. A description of the structure and rules an <em>XML</em> document must satisfy.<br />
                          2. In <em>SQL</em>, a description of the tables and columns in the database. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">script</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A simple program usually written in an <em>interpreted language</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">semantics</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> The expression of the meaning of symbols or names. In the VO, the actual scientific meaning of data and services. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">serialization</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> The process of converting an object into a format that can be stored or transmitted across a network. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">server</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A computer system in a network whose services may be invoked by one or more <em>clients</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">servlet</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A program, typically <em>Java</em>, that runs on a web server in response to a web request. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SESAME</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A <em>web service</em> <em>interface</em> to the <em>SIMBAD name resolver.</em></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">sexagesimal</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Numeral system with number 60 as the base. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SExtractor</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Source Extractor) A tool that detects sources in astronomical images. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SIA, SIAP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Simple Image Access Protocol) A VO <em>protocol</em> thatsupports queries for images available in a given data collection near a given position on the sky. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SIMBAD</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Set of Identifications, Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical
                          Data) An astronomical database provides extensive information on both 
                          galactic and extragalactic objects. SIMBAD also provides a <em>name resolver.</em></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">Simple Spectral Access</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> See <em>SSAP.</em></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SkyNode</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A VO <em>protocol</em> (and the services that implement it) that provides an <em>ADQL</em> <em>interface</em> to astronomical databases. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SkyPortal</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A web site that supports translation of a user <em>ADQL</em> query into queries of one or more <em>SkyNodes</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SkyServer</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"><em>Web service</em> that presents data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SkyView</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Web site and VO-enabled distributable tool that generates images from survey data. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SLAP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top">(Simple Line Access Protocol) A <em>protocol</em> that returns spectral lines found in a certain spectral interval.  Will probably superceded by a table schema to be used through <em>TAP</em> soon.</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SMTP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) A <em>protocol</em> used to send and receive email. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SOA</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Service Oriented Architecture) An approach to distributed computing 
                          that focuses on services that communicate with each other. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SOAP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Simple Object Access Protocol) A <em>protocol</em> for invoking remote services by exchanging <em>XML</em> -based messages. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">socket</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> The low-level software <em>element</em> that makes a connection to the network. Normally a <em>client</em> connects to a socket on a <em>server.</em></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">source code</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> The version of a program normally written or edited by a programmer and
                          either compiled into an executable program, or run directly using an 
                          interpreter (see <em>interpreted languag</em>). </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SQL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Structured Query Language) The standard language used to communicate with <em>RDBMS</em> s </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SQL Server</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Microsoft&#8217;s <em>RDBMS</em> software. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SRB</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Storage Resource Broker) <em>Middleware</em> developed at the San Diego Supercomputing Center that provides standardized access to a number of very large data resources. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SSAP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Simple Spectral Access Protocol) A <em>protocol</em> that returns a set of spectra in a specified region of the sky. Similar to <em>SIA</em> but has many more options. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SSDL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (SOAP Service Description Language) SSDL is a <em>SOAP</em> -centric description language for <em>web services</em> that enables <em>protocol</em> -based integration. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">SSL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Secure Sockets Layer) A <em>protocol</em> for managing the security of a message transmission over the Internet. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">standalone application</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A computer program capable of operating without external resources. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">STC</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Space-Time Coordinates) An <em>IVOA</em> standard for describing a region or position in both space and time. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">STILTS</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (STIL Tool Set) A set of VO tools for processing of tabular data based on the UK Starlink Tables Infrastructure. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">TLA</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Three Letter Acronym) A tribute to the use of acronyms in the computer field. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">token</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> An item in a string of text that can be separated out by a <em>parser</em>, such as a single word in a sentence or a number in a comma-delimited list. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">TOMCAT</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> An <em>HTTP</em> server that can run <em>Java</em> <em>servlets</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">TOPCAT</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Tool for OPerations on Catalogs And Tables) An interactive graphical 
                          viewer and editor for tabular data, designed for but not limited to 
                          astronomical tables. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">Treeview</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A VO-enabled viewer for hierarchical file structures. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">UCD</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Unified Content Descriptors) A formal vocabulary for astronomical data that is controlled by the <em>IVOA</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">URI</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (Uniform Resource Identifier) An address standard for a resource available on the Internet. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">URL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Uniform Resource Locator) The global address of documents and other 
                          resources on the World Wide Web. The first part of the address specifies
                          the <em>protocol</em> to be used when accessing the resource, the remainder describes its network location. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">validator</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A tool that checks some element of a system for conformance to a standard. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">virtual data</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> Data product that is dynamically generated when needed. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">VOClient</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A software suite callable from many languages which implements data access in the VO. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">VOEvent</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A VO standard for representing, transmitting, publishing and archiving the discovery of a transient celestial event. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">VOEventNet</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A peer-to-peer <em>cyberinfrastructure</em> to enable rapid and <em>federated</em> observations of the dynamic night sky. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">VOPlot</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A VO Tool for visualizing astronomical data from <em>VOTable</em> sources. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">VOSpace</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> A distributed storage concept for the VO. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">VOStat</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A VO and web-enabled statistics package. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">VOTable</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> An <em>XML</em> -based encoding scheme for astronomical tables and catalogs, established by the <em>IVOA</em> in order to provide an unambiguous way to transmit tables between computer programs </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">W3C</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (World Wide Web Consortium) An international consortium where member 
                          organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to 
                          develop web standards. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">WCS</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (World Coordinate System) A detailed specification of the conversion 
                          between coordinates within a file and physical coordinates, especially 
                          between pixel and celestial coordinates in an image. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">WCS Fixer</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A VO <em>web service</em> that corrects the <em>WCS</em> information in a given <em>FITS</em> image. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">web service</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Software available over the web using a standardized <em>XML</em> messaging system. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">WESIX</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A VO <em>web service</em> to the standard astronomical image analysis package <em>SExtractor</em> together with a <em>crossmatching</em> service. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">wget</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> Free software package for retrieving files using <em>HTTP</em>, <em>HTTPS</em> and <em>FTP</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">workflow</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A sequence or network of tasks and associated information needed to pass from one task to another to accomplish some goal. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">WS</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> see <em>web service</em></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">WSDL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (Web Services Description Language) An <em>XML</em> document that describes and locates a <em>web service</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">XMatch</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> see <em>crossmatch</em></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">XML</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (eXtensible Markup Language) A markup language that provides a file format for representing data. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">XML-RPC</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (XML-Remote Procedure Call) A <em>web service protocol</em> that utilizes <em>XML</em> technology to implement an <em>RPC</em> <em>protocol</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">XOP</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (XML Binary Optimized Packaging) A standard specifying how binary data should be represented in <em>XML</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">XPath</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (XML Path Language) a language that describes how to locate specific content within an <em>XML</em> document. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">XQuery</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> A standard language for querying <em>XML</em> data. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">XSL</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) A standard for describing how to transform <em>XML</em> documents into other documents in either XML or other formats. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">XSLT</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#edf4f9" valign="top"> (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) A conversion tool that implements <em>XSL</em>. </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <th bgcolor="#687684" valign="top"> <font color="#ffffff">YAML</font> </th>
                        <td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top"> (YAML Ain&#8217;t Markup Language) A data serialization language based on <em>XML</em> and other languages. </td>
                      </tr>
                    </tbody>
                  </table>
---
Topic revision: r9 - 2022-03-29 - GiuliaIafrate
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